This (NASA) study investigates the cardiovascular responses to: changes in intraventricular hydrostatic pressure; intravascular hydrostatic pressure; and to a limited extent, extravascular and pedcardial hydrostatic pressure. A complete hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system has been built and flown aboard the NASA KC-135, and a computer model developed and tested in simulated microgravity. Results obtained with these models confirm that a simple lack of hydrostatic pressure within an artificial ventricle causes a decrease in stroke volume. When combined with the acute increase in ventricular pressure associated with the elimination of hydrostatic pressure within the vasculature, and the resultant cephalad fluid shift with the models in the upright position, stroke volume increases in the models. Imposition of a decreased pedcardial pressure in the computer model, and in a simplified hydraulic model, increases stroke volume. Physiologic regional fluid shifting is also demonstrated by the models.

The unifying parameter characterizing the cardiac response is diastolic ventricular transmural pressure (DVDELTAP). The elimination of intraventricular hydrostatic pressure in O-G decreased DVDELTAP stroke volume, while the elimination of intravascular hydrostatic pressure increased DVDELTAP and stroke volume in the upright posture, but reduced DVDELTAP and stroke volume in the launch posture. The release of gravity on the chest wall and its associated influence on intrathoracic pressure, simulated by a drop in extraventricular pressure, increases DVDELTAP and stroke volume.

Mathematical models can help prepare for and respond to bioterrorism attacks, provided that their strengths and weaknesses are clearly understood. A series of initiatives within the Department of Health and Human Services brought modelers together with biologists and epidemiologists who specialize in smallpox and experts in bioterrorism response and health policy and has led to the parallel development of models with different technical approaches but standardized scenarios, parameter ranges, and outcome measures. Cross-disciplinary interactions throughout the process supported the development of models focused on systematically comparing alternate intervention strategies, determining the most important issues in decision-making, and identifying gaps in current knowledge.

The man who demonstrated that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, Sir Ronald Ross, developed the first mathematical model of malaria transmission in 1911. In presenting his model, Ross made the crucial point that "the mathematical method of treatment is really nothing but the application of careful reasoning to the problems at issue" (1). In short, mathematical modeling is no more and no less than a tool to support clear thinking.

In the United States, mathematical models are familiar, everyday tools in engineering, business, and military applications and in most sciences. They represent hypotheses about underlying mechanisms that generate observed phenomena or the options for action and potential consequences. However, those models are rare in the biomedical-research and public health communities.

The events of September 11,2001, emphasized that the United States should use every tool available to help prepare for, and respond to, bioterrorism. With that understanding in mind, a series of National Institutes of Health (NIH) consultations was organized to address the potential of mathematical models to help with bioterrorism preparedness and response.

The first of those, in December 2001, brought together a small group of modelers and a small group of health-policy experts. The basic idea of this meeting was to see if a productive dialogue would emerge, and one did, despite the language and culture barriers. This dialogue led to a much better understanding of what modeling could and could not do to help.

The overall conclusion of the meeting was that models can be of great value, provided that their strengths and weaknesses are clearly understood. Modelers and nonmodelers should develop realistic expectations. For instance, models will not provide accurate numerical predictions of outcomes in this context; models can be used to forecast only in fairly gross terms. The key is to look not for absolute numbers but for differences in outcomes between different strategies and between different models. The consensus from that first consultation was that models can provide a means to systematically compare alternative intervention strategies, determine the most important issues in decision-making, and identify critical gaps in current knowledge.

Those three points are not as simple and straightforward as they may seem. For instance, if modeling is going to help identify and focus on the decisions likely to have the largest effects on outcomes, the models must address actual decisions to be made in actual bioterrorism events. That first consultation highlighted the need for active engagement and creative tension between modelers and policy experts. Modelers may focus on areas that interest them but seem tangential to decision-makers. On the other hand, if only policy experts are engaged, they may concentrate on information that fits their opinions and interests. The modeling most likely to help with bioterrorism preparedness and response will emerge from scientific, operational, and policy professionals who listen to and engage each other, with real respect and candor, on a continuing basis.

A corollary conclusion from that first consultation was that modeling can provide a comprehensive, explicit examination of the assumptions and logic that enter into a decision, in a way that purely verbal reasoning and debate cannot. In that sense, even if the results of a model were discarded, the modeling process alone, properly conducted, would more than return the investment.

Another way of looking at this same set of issues is the observation that many people, modelers and nonmodelers alike, seem to believe that one "right" model exists. In this context, at least, that is not likely to be the case. However, a great deal can be learned from examining circumstances in which several models disagree, whether or not they agree on some overall, qualitative result.

For example, the Figure shows output from two hypothetical models. The horizontal axis gives the fraction of a population covered by some intervention, e.g., a vaccine, and the vertical axis shows the resulting percentage reduction in death rate. At 0% coverage, the number of deaths does not change. Approaching 100% coverage, deaths are reduced nearly 100%. Both models agree that fewer deaths occur when more people are covered, but obvious differences also exist between the model results. According to model A, slightly less than 30% coverage would reduce deaths by half; according to model B, almost 70% coverage is needed to reduce deaths by the same amount.

Past perfect: A model is dwarfed by images of fashion history at the Lacroix show for spring and summer in Paris yesterday Photograph: Peter Macdiarmid

Carbon OnDemand helps improves performance of system platforms containing Carbon Models while still retaining 100% cycle accuracy. Carbon Models compiled with software automatically detect model inactivity and disable themselves until needed, which enables software developer to debug problems at instruction set simulator speeds and only execute hardware behavior when it is required. Software does not require modification of system platform for implementation.

WALTHAM, MA -- May 16, 2007 -- Carbon Design Systems, the leading supplier of tools for the automatic creation, validation, and deployment of virtual hardware models, announced today that it will be introducing revolutionary performance technology at this year's Design Automation Conference. This new technology, called Carbon OnDemand, dramatically and automatically improves the performance of system platforms containing Carbon Models while still retaining 100% cycle accuracy. Carbon Models compiled with Carbon OnDemand technology automatically detect model inactivity and disable themselves until needed. This enables the software developer to debug problems at instruction set simulator speeds and only execute the hardware behavior when it is needed. Since the detection is done automatically, there is no need to modify the system platform or have design knowledge in order to take advantage of the huge benefits that Carbon OnDemand offers.

"OnDemand automates a process that some of our customers are attempting today with manual coding," remarked Bill Neifert, Carbon's Chief Technology Officer and founder. "Designers will often hand-modify a model to run for a set number of cycles in order to accelerate performance. This approach requires deep knowledge of the model, is error-prone and often results in wasted cycles as well. The benefit of Carbon OnDemand is that it does all of this work automatically without requiring any design knowledge. OnDemand greatly simplifies the problem and always delivers accurate results. Since the technology is built directly into the Carbon Model there is no need to modify the system environment. The system initiates the transaction and the model continues running until the transaction is complete. This could be in 2 cycles or 2000. Carbon's OnDemand technology maximizes system throughput while still retaining 100% hardware accuracy."

How it works

Carbon's OnDemand technology leverages Carbon's substantial investment in model and system acceleration technology. When the Carbon model is compiled, a small amount of monitor logic is included. This monitor tracks the status of all state elements and input pins in the design. When these elements stop toggling or start toggling in a purely cyclic manner, the monitor recognizes the dormant state and automatically disables the model. Any change on the module's inputs will then automatically re-enable the model. A disabled model has minimal impact upon overall system performance. Since Carbon models are typically coupled with high-speed instruction set simulators it is possible to get overall system throughput well into the MIPS range.

Carbon OnDemand is the latest in a series of technologies that greatly increase model performance and system throughput. Carbon Replay, released earlier this year, accelerates system debug performance by enabling faster design iterations. Carbon OnDemand, to be released later this summer, achieves higher system performance by leveraging system activity while running software. Future performance enhancements will continue to leverage the behavior of hardware modules when used to develop software. Carbon is continually expanding the accessibility of 100% implementation accurate hardware models by making them faster, easier to integrate and easier to debug.

Availability

Carbon model generation software with OnDemand technology will be demonstrated at the 2007 Design Automation Conference and will be available for sale in late summer as part of the VSP and SOC-VSP products. Call Carbon for product evaluations and pricing.

About Carbon Design Systems

Carbon is the leading supplier of system-level tools to automatically create, validate, and deploy software models generated from Verilog and/or VHDL descriptions. Carbon's models are used in conjunction with system platforms to enable architecture profiling and software validation in parallel with hardware development. Problems can be found and resolved early in the design cycle, rather than waiting for prototypes to be built or silicon to be delivered.

The company's solutions are based on open industry standards, including: SystemC, SCML, Verilog, VHDL, OSCI TLM, MDI, CASI, CADI, and CAPI. Carbon's customers are systems, semiconductor, and IP companies that focus on communications, networking, and consumer electronics.

The Leisure Ability Model is one of the oldest, most widely used, and most often critiqued therapeutic recreation practice models. It is based on the concepts of internal locus of control, intrinsic motivation, personal causality, freedom of choice, and flow. The Leisure Ability Model uses these ideas as the basis for three components of service: treatment, leisure education, and recreation participation. These three areas of service supply the content for creating, developing, implementing, and evaluating therapeutic recreation programs that are based on client need. The overall intended outcome of therapeutic recreation services, as defined by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure lifestyle. Included in this review are noted strengths, weaknesses, and directions for future development.

In his February '98 "Scale Techniques" column, George Leu references a Concept model. Problem: in the index, Concept is listed as Concept Technology, with a California address. Their correct name and address is: Concept Models, 2906 Grandview Blvd., Madison, WI 53713; (608) 271-5687.

THE CAPTION for the photograph on page 49 of today's magazine

should have credited David Modell as a specialist news and documentary photographer.

Modeling, in the technical use of the term, refers to the translation of objects or phenomena from the real world into mathematical equations. Computer modeling is the representation of three-dimensional objects on a computer, using some form of software designed for the purpose. Among the uses of computer modeling are war games and disaster simulations, situations in which computers offer a safe, relatively inexpensive means of creating or re-creating events without the attendant loss of life or property.

Mathematical modeling dates to advances in geometry and other disciplines during the late eighteenth century. Among these was the descriptive geometry of French mathematician Gaspard Monge, whose technique was so valuable to Napoleon's artillery that it remained a classified defense secret for many years. Nearly one and a half centuries later, at the end of World War II, mathematicians and scientists working for the United States war effort developed a machine for readily translating mathematical models into forms easily grasped by non-mathematicians.

That machine was the computer, and during the last two decades of the twentieth century, varieties of three-dimensional modeling software proliferated. These included any number of computer animation and gaming packages, as well as varieties of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. CAD allowed engineers and architects, for instance, to create elaborate models that allowed them to "see into" unbuilt structures, and to test the vulnerabilities of those structures without risking lives or dollars.


One notable variety of three-dimensional software is virtual reality modeling language, abbreviated VRML and pronounced "ver-mal." Necessary for representing three-dimensional objects on the World Wide Web (that portion of the Internet to which general users are most accustomed), VRML creates a virtual world, or hyperspace, that can be viewed through the two-dimensional computer screen. By pressing designated keys, the user is able to move not only up, down, right, and left, but forward and backward, within this virtual world.

Disasters, Wars, and Other Simulations

After the space shuttle Columbia crashed on February 1, 2003, analysts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used modeling software applied by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) for studying crashes. In applications such as those for the NASA and NTSB studies, the purpose is to understand not only what happened, but how and why it happened, and what caused it.

The more data available on a disaster, the better the model, and this in turn gives investigators more accurate tools for analysis. In the end, however, there is no substitute for human reasoning. For example, an NTSB simulation of the Swissair Flight 111 crash in September 1998 tracked the course of a fire from the cockpit that eventually brought down the plane, but it did not explain what caused the fire.

Still, the simulation is invaluable inasmuch as it provides human minds with an extraordinarily accurate and vivid source of information as to the exact sequence of events that took place during a disaster. NASA analysts used computer modeling to study the first great shuttle disaster, that of Challenger in 1986, but the technology of 2003 was vastly superior. Not only was a $2,000 computer capable of running simulations that required a $75,000 machine 17 years earlier, but advances in graphics—spurred, ironically, by the seemingly frivolous demands of gaming and the movies—had resulted in a vastly more accurate picture of what happened.

War games and terror simulations. The connection between entertainment and simulation in general, as well as computer modeling technology in particular, has not been lost on the U.S. security and defense leadership. In the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack, federal officials brought together a team that included David Fincher, director of Seven and Fight Club; Steven E.

A steel structure expert at the University of California, Berkeley, studies a three-dimensional computer model of the airliner hitting the 96th floor of the World Trade Center. AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS .

De Souza, screenwriter for Die Hard; and Spike Jonze, director of Being John Malkovich. The assignment placed before these creative minds was one ideally suited to Hollywood: to imagine scenarios in which terrorists attacked the United States.

These scenarios, along with other forms of input, have helped form the basis for simulations by groups such as the Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT), a research center at the University of Southern California at Los Angeles. ICT is one of many entities in which the federal government invests nearly $100 million a year for the purpose of developing military simulations—studies that, unlike the disaster models for NTSB or NASA, are concerned not so much with what has happened as with what could happen. The Department of Defense also has its own simulation think tanks, including the U.S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, known as STRICOM.

The Texas Water Development Board on October 26 announced the completion of its project, mandated by the 77th Legislature (2001), to develop or obtain groundwater availability models (GAM's) for all of the major aquifers of Texas. All of the models, reports, and support data are available at the TWDB website - www.twdb.state.tx.us/gam - or by request from the Board.

The Legislature funded the GAM program to develop numerical groundwater flow models to help groundwater conservation districts, regional water planning groups, and others assess current groundwater availability and the effect of pumping and drought on the state's groundwater resources. New models developed via the GAM process also had substantial stakeholder involvement. Some of the GAM's represent the first water modeling of any kind in the area.

TWDB staff developed five of the models - the Hill Country segment of the Trinity Aquifer; the northern and San Antonio segments of the Edwards Aquifer; the southern part of the Gulf Coast Aquifer; and the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) and Cenozoic Pecos Alluvium Aquifers.

TWDB contractors developed eight of the models - the northern and southern parts of the Ogallala Aquifer; the northern, central, and southern parts of the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer; the Seymour Aquifer; the northern segment of the Trinity Aquifer; and the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer. TWDB staff and a contractor jointly developed a model of the central Gulf Coast Aquifer.

The Board and Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District funded a project for the U.S. Geological Survey to develop a model of the northern part of the Gulf Coast Aquifer. El Paso Water Utilities and the U.S. Geological Survey supported development of models for the Mesilla and Hueco Bolson Aquifers. The Edwards Aquifer Authority is developing a new model for the San Angonio segment of the Edwards Aquifer that will be available by the end of 2004.

THESE are the two teenage girls who will be battling it out in front of millions of TV viewers over the next five days to win the chance to become a supermodel.

Alicia Bostock (left), and Elizabeth Edwards, 16, have already seen off 3,998 rivals in Channel 4's Model Behaviour contest.

At stake is a year's modelling contract with Premier Model Management, who represent Claudia Schiffer and Naomi Campbell.

Hat designer Alicia, 18, from Sheffield said: "I'm chuffed. This whole experience has been bizarre." Schoolgirl Elizabeth added: "I am so happy, I have always wanted to be a model and I'm really going to try really hard to make this work."

One of the judges Angus Munro, of Premier Model Management, said: "The girls have what is known in the fashion industry as the X Factor, an indescribable quality that sets them apart from other pretty girls."

This 5”1 Bollywood actress was born on January 24, 1981 in Kolkata, India. She belongs to a famous family clan of West Bengal. She is the grand daughter of Suchitra Sen, a legend in Bengali cinema, and daughter of Moonmoon Sen, a former actress. Before moving to Mumbai, she lived with her parents and sister Raima Sen, also an actress, in Kolkata. Her father Bharat Dev Varma belongs to the illustrious royal family of Tripura. Her paternal grandmother Ila Devi, was the princess of Cooch Behar, whose younger sister Gayatri Devi is the Maharani of Jaipur.

This gorgeous lady first stepped under the arc lamps at the tender age of 15 when she faced the camera for the famous Tamil flick “Taj Mahal”, directed by Bharati Raja. And this is how her acting career started blooming.

Her Bollywood film debut was supposed to have been in Love You Hamesha, opposite Akshaye Khanna. Soon after that it was her comedy movie Style that took her to the success.

Well, most of her other films have not done well on the box office. An exception is Jhankaar Beats, another comedy in which she co-starred with Shayan Munshi, Juhi Chawla, Rahul Bose, Rinke Khanna and Sanjay Suri. Most of her appearances have been item numbers and cameos. Her few leading roles have been in low-budget films.

She has also made her career in modeling, where she appeared in numerous music videos for songs by popular singers, including Asha Bhonsle, Falguni Pathak, Jagjit Singh and Sonu Nigam. She was one of many Bollywood stars who appeared in Haath Se Haath Mila an anti-HIV/AIDS music video.

She is also a successful advertising model. The high point of her modeling career was started when she replaced Lisa Ray as the Lakmé Girl. Her other notable assignments include Colgate, Limca, Vatika, Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate, and Margarita King.

After doing her last movie “Apna Sapna Money Money" this young and charming lady has lost again… there is no other fourth coming movies in the row that shows her…Might be she will come back with a new style and passion again.

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The key aim of NLP is to model the excellence of others. Generally when people are good at something they are not consciously aware of what they are doing that makes them good.

Most of the time people take for granted the things that they do well. For example, I assume most of you are good at walking...but when was the last time you looked at your legs and praised your walking ability, or analyzed what it is that allows you to walk with the unconscious fluency that you use.

modeling in NLP is about discovering what makes the difference between good and great results. An NLP Model of Success takes into account both what your subject does physically and also what goes on inside their head. Some of these elements would be absolutely vital and others might be just idiosyncratic and only apply to that particular person.

If we were to model a very persuasive person, the external model would be what they say. The internal model would be their beliefs and values about what they are doing. In a NLP modeling study you would gather all the information by observation and interview and then start using it. Once they are comfortable with the model they would start to leave bits out and test until they have just the core elements that make up success.

The same approach can be used for modeling an organisation. Any company exhibits a collective behaviour and this is based on the collective thoughts, values and beliefs of the individuals within.

modeling techniques in NLP won't make you Einstein, Bill Gates or a large multinational company. What it will give you is a way of analyzing, recording and transferring the key elements of success in any skill or endeavor. It is simply a way of breaking out of your own limitations and boundaries to become even better at the things you want to achieve, by systematically learning from those that are already proving successful.

Consider for a moment the value of being able to see inside the head of Bill Gates or Richard Branson and then being able to analyse their behaviour and personality for the answers to these questions and others I am sure you can think of:

* What motivates you to create your success?
* What keeps you going when it isn't going the way you want?
* What do you believe about yourself and the world around you to be able to create this success?
* What specific behaviours do you exhibit to create this success?

Now imagine being able to do the same thing but with a successful organisation.

You might already notice that only one of the questions above concerns their behaviour...actually about what they do. The other questions are all about what is happening inside their heads. This is because, in most circumstances, behaviour follows thought. Let us consider a simple example, take these two beliefs:

* I could never be a millionaire
* My destiny is to be a millionaire; I just need to make it happen

The person with the first belief is not likely to make the effort or take the actions to go down this route but the second is likely to be always looking for the opportunity to move in this direction. An over simple example, but I hope it makes the point that internal thought proceeds external behaviour and consequently is far more powerful.

How does all this help create a successful business?

Firstly let's talk about individuals. Have you experienced or met people that have this experience? They know what to do to create success, or get things right or get rid of the problem, but they are continually repeating the same behaviour and making the same mistakes. This is still because what happens inside your head is the most powerful aspect of your behaviour. So if you can get this aligned with creating success then your external behaviour can be more easily modified to get the results.

By knowing what makes a successful sales person, trainer, business manager in your company or industry gives you several advantages. Firstly you can look for and recruit specifically for the right values and beliefs as well as skills and experience. Secondly, individuals can through a variety of NLP techniques and related exercises modify their own values and beliefs to give themselves more successful in their endeavors.

Secondly, by modeling successful business you can gain an insight into the collective beliefs and values that the company has to hold to be successful. Then through organizational development, corporate communications and key business statements you can align your organisation with these values and beliefs.

As you can imagine the skill of modeling in NLP is a highly useful thing. On any good certified NLP training course you will be shown how to model both individuals and organizations. But on the best NLP Practitioner Courses you will be given a range of highly successful models to start with. For example you should leave the course with:

* How to create and use specific ways of thinking for specific situations. For example a driving mindset, a negotiating mindset, a delivering presentations mindset.
* Massively accelerated learning ability, for example reading speed. You should leave the course being able to read at around 1000 words per minute, with better retention and comprehension that usual. As well as a strategy which with practice will double this speed easily.
* Hypnotic persuasion and influencing skills. Not just random language patterns, but the process, strategy and mindset that allows you to really capture and lead the imagination.

The question is not about how NLP Training helps create business success but, if you are serious about creating a successful business how can you not train in NLP.

"Your Baby is so cute; he/she should be a model!" If you're the proud parent of a baby who receives these compliments on a daily basis, chances are you have thought about a modeling career for your youngster. While modeling can be a great start to even better career opportunities in the future, it can also be a dead end leaving you with a negative bank account. Regardless of what you want to achieve by having your baby become a model, there are some things that you need to know before they make it to the big screen, or at least the cover of a magazine.

* Is your baby model material?

If your child is the happy go lucky, laughs at everything, easy to get along with type, you're in luck. Baby modeling agencies are in search of babies who are easy to work with. That rules out babies who are cranky, shy, or less than happy most of the time. If your baby fits into the latter category modeling may not be right for at this point in their life.

* Are you a "model" parent?

Don't think that your baby will be doing all the work. No matter how cute their smile may be, modeling agencies know that where your baby goes you follow, and rightfully so. Accredited agents want to make sure you are doing what's in the best interest for your baby. They will shy away from contracting children if the parents are over bearing or hard to work with. There is a thin line between watching out for your baby's best interests and becoming an overbearing set nightmare.

* Are you willing to sacrifice?

Not many aspiring models, babies included, get their big break right away. Being the proud parents of a baby model takes a lot of sacrificing and patience. While you may make money in the long run, in the beginning you will have to find and agent and go to shoots which may require you to pay for traveling arrangements or take time off of work. You need to be willing and even more importantly able, to make sacrifices knowing that they won't always pay off in the long run.

If you still think you and your baby have what it takes to pursue a modeling career, congratulations and best of luck! To make sure your baby has all the opportunities that are available, and that those opportunities are legitimate, you should consider finding a modeling agency to represent your little star. There are plenty of great modeling agencies out there, however, there is also an equal amount if not more that are out for their own monetary gain and can leave your wallets empty or even worse your baby in harm's way. Here is what you need to look for when finding an agent.

* Ask Around: If you're not sure where to start your search, you may want to consider contacting local department stores, retailers, and media companies (radio and television) to find out what agencies they use. Large businesses will most likely enjoy the work of experienced agents who don't make it a habit of ripping parents off. Keep a list of names, contacts and other information that the stores give you. If you find that there is one or two that keep popping up on the list, consider calling those places first.

* Accreditation: It's important to make sure any agency you considering taking your child to is well accredited. A modeling agency is no different from any other type of business and therefore you should be able to verify their integrity by checking with the Better Business Bureau. If you already have a few agencies in mind check with the BBB to find out if they are credible. If you're not sure where to start, ask them for a list of baby modeling or just modeling agencies in your area.

* Never Pay Upfront: If the modeling agency you are considering requires you to pay upfront then walk right back out the door. A modeling agency will never require you to pay up front and ones that do are often illegitimate and out to get your hard earned cash. The majority, if not all modeling agencies, operate on a commission basis, which means when your baby gets the job, they get paid.

* Bring Your Own Photos: While you may want to go to your local photography center and get some professional pictures of your baby taken to use in a portfolio, the agency its self will never require you to pay for your child to get pictures. Once again, if this happens the company is most likely not legitimate and only wants your money. Walk away quickly before your pockets are emptied.

* Practice Caution: If you go to an agency and it doesn't feel right, leave. Your instincts are usually a good way to judge an agency and if you're not comfortable then chances are something is not right. This is also true for internet modeling agencies. In today's day and age there are many people out there who want to take your money or exploit your child. Make sure that the people you're exposing your children too are not out to hurt them and are working for a legitimate business.

The technique of modeling dough had its beginnings with the Classical Romans, Greeks and Egyptians when they would pay homage to their gods with offerings of figures made from dough. Later in nineteenth century Germany salt was added to stop mice eating the creations.

Today modeling is particularly suitable as a craft idea for kids of any age. It is soft, safe, non-toxic and great fun. Although the children can use polymer clay and self hardening clays salt dough clay is great fun to make.

You will need very little for this craft idea for kids and will probably have most of the items in your home. Items such as paint, varnish, pastry cutters, moulds, bowl and rolling pin will probably be enough. For the actual bread dough recipe you will need plain flour (not self-raising), salt and water.

Recipe:

2 cups plain flour
1 cup salt
1 cup water

Mix together flour, salt and half the water in the mixing bowl. Knead the mixture adding more water gradually until it is smooth and firm. Do not add too much water as it will become sticky and sag. Remove the mixture from the bowl and knead for a further 10 minutes. It is best to leave the dough to rest for 30 minutes in an air tight container.

By adding 1 tablespoon on vegetable oil you will add suppleness to the dough or 1 tablespoon of wallpaper paste for elasticity.

Model the dough into desired shapes and bake at 120 deg C or 250 deg F until completely hard all over. It is important to place the finished craft objects in a dry atmosphere and not in a steamy or damp area as they may deteriorate. The dough crafts can be left natural, painted and varnished or the dough can colored with food coloring before baking. Anything that is heatproof can be used, such as broken china but do keep an eye on the kids near the oven.

Modeling back good speech is a powerful way to help children learn speech sounds and good grammar. In some cases it can even decrease the need for speech-language therapy.

For sounds:

* When your child says a word and “misses” a sound say the word back to them in a very positive way placing emphasis on the sound that they had problems with. Place emphasis by saying the sound louder, longer, by tapping your finger on the side of your mouth when you say the sound and by repeating it. If he said “The tat is nice” you could say “Yes, that is a very nice cat. I like cats. I think the cat likes you. Look the cat has a brown foot.” By repeating the word several times you are adding power to the modeling. Of course you would never want to correct your child in a way that would make them feel bad about how they are talking. Saying “No that’s not the right sound. Say it this way, say cat.”, only makes your child feel bad about their talking.

* Once your child has gotten fairly good at saying the sounds you could draw their attention to problem sounds a bit more by asking if they heard the right sound when they say a word. If he tried to say “spoon” and it came out “poon”, you could say, “Hmmm, I didn’t hear the snake (s) sound, did you? Lets try again.” Giving sounds labels such as “the snake sound” often helps younger children understand what you mean. Make sure to also point out times where your child has gotten sounds that he is working on right. Especially praise times where your child goes back and “fixes” sounds on his own.

For grammar:
* Use the same modeling idea of going back and saying words over in a very positive way, placing emphasis on words that were missed. For grammar place emphasis by saying the word louder and by repeating it. If you child said “Him is nice” you could say “Yes he is nice. He is fun to play with.”

Retired and bored? Self-employed and looking to supplement your income? Maybe just have a little fun? You don’t need to be supermodel material to make money at modeling.

Advertisers recognize that people cannot relate to a size 2, 5’10” supermodel selling arthritis medicine.

Most mature men and women don’t even consider starting a modeling career at this age. Many assume they missed the boat while they raised families and pursued other careers. The over-50 category has less competition than other areas of modeling, and the opportunities will continue to grow.

Modeling often pays very well. I know one 50+ model that worked half a day on a photo shoot for a feminine product and made $3,500. Models can earn anywhere from $500 to $5,000 per day. Not bad.

Models over 50 can be seen in TV commercials, print ads, catalogs, hair shows, stock photography and runway shows as well as appearing as Spokesmodels.

Most people fall into the Commercial Print category. Also called Character, Real People or Lifestyle, Commercial models can be any age, any height and any size. The acceptable range of looks include wholesome to quirky to overweight and bald.

When you see an ad depicting a doctor, teacher, real estate broker, etc. these are Commercial Print models. Companies that use Commercial models sell cleaning products, pharmaceuticals, food and other items that people use on an everyday basis. These companies use models rather than people off the street for their level of professionalism. Commercial models can also be seen on product literature, corporate brochures and just about every type of advertising that does not involve fashion.

Like fine wine, Classic fashion models are “women of a certain age”. Also known as Sophisticate, the requirements are similar to that of younger fashion models, but somewhat less restrictive. These women are typically size 2 to 8, and 5’6” to 5’11”. Classic models are attractive and fit with nice skin and teeth, and range from pretty to sophisticated. More Magazine, J. Jill and Chico’s use Classic models.

Male Fashion models are 5' 11" - 6' 2" and wear a size 40 Regular to 42 Long suit. Men should be toned and well proportioned. Overly muscular builds do not properly fit the clothing. Clear skin and good teeth are required. There is a wide variety of acceptable looks. A man's fashion modeling career often lasts longer than a woman’s.

Living in the New York area is ideal since most of the modeling work is done in Manhattan. While you can find some jobs on your own, being represented by a modeling agency makes life infinitely easier. Wilhelmina, Ford, Gilla Roos and Cunningham Escott Slevin & Doherty are some of the top New York agencies that represent talent over 50.

If you are interested in modeling, submit a note to the agencies stating you are looking for representation. Your note should contain your name, city and state of residence, cell phone number, height, clothing size and shoe size. Also include one close up photo of your face (smiling) and one full body shot showing your shape (in a swimsuit, leotard or well fitting clothing). Write your name and phone number on the back of each photo. Most commercial print agencies prefer that you already have professional photos, although don’t spend a lot of money on photos to start. Many New York photographers will arrange a shoot for $99. If you don’t want to spend that much, ask a friend or family member to take a few photos. Send a SASE if you want your photos returned.

PEtite modeling is a tough industry to break into. Especially since most modeling agencies won't represent models unless they're 5 feet and 9 inches tall or taller. Have you had people tell you're cute? Do you hear all the time "you should be a model"? But you just don't qualify for the strict standards that most modeling angencies have?

Rest assured there is a career out there for the petite model. There is work in the worlds of the fashion, commercial, editorial and many other industries for the less 5 feet 9 inch models. There is even work for models as short as 5 feet tall.

Most of the work in the petite modeling industry involoves close up pictures of the face, hands, feet or other body parts instead of the body as a whole. The fashion modeling industry, however is very body focused, that is why they have such stringent height requirements for their models.

As a petite or avearage size model you would probably not be working much in the fashion industry so bodily imperfections and height are not usually factors. Evan a fairly average looking person can be very successful in this industry if they are willing to work hard, get the job done and show clients they are easy to work with.

So how do you get in to this specialized segment of the modeling market? First, remember the focus in this market is very much on the face rather than the figure. To make it in this market you need to have nice skin, a good bone structure, good teeth, and be cute. Most of your success will also be based on the look that is "in" at the moment.

To find out if you have any chance of success as a petite model you need to get an evaluation from an agency or someone who has contact with clients within the industry. This will tell you if you have the look that their clients are hiring at the moment.

If you are told you just don't have the right look at the moment don't despair. The modeling industry moves at a fast pace, and what's not in now could be the rave in the next 6 months.

The models in this segment of the market are often paid very well because advertisers usually focus more on the look of the models face than her figure. Advertisers usually have more money to spend than many clients in the fashion industry and a good model could make as much as $125.00 per hour on her first job.

Not cute? Do you think you don't have that "glamourous" look that could get you high paying jobs as a model. Don't despair, even a normal person can get high paying jobs in this industry if they are easy to work with and sparkle on camera. A plain model who exhibits spark and vitality is more likely to get the job than a beautiful model who is lifeless.

Photographers and clients would rather work with a model who is vibrant and easy to work with than a beautiful one who is honery, does not take instructions well, and acts "snobby" or conceited on the job. Putting too high a price on yourself in this highly competative industry many times will cause clients to pass you on for a more pleasant model.

Modeling for advertising photography can be a lot of hard work and if you are game for it and do have the right attitude towards it, then you can also expect a whole lot of fun in this profession. In this article, we will see what it takes to be a good model and how to go about starting your career as a model for advertising photography.

The first thing to do is see yourself in the mirror and emote. Smile, laugh, look sad, depressed, sexy, angry, pensive in short try to put forth as many emotions and expressions as you can. I know this sounds funny and you might find it amusing when you do it for the first time. But trust me, this would be a good insight into your modeling career.

Having done the self introspection, now it is time to take the opinion of someone else. You can ask a family member or take the opinion of a friend. Make different kinds of expressions and ask if you look natural enough. Remember, you don't have to have a 'ten on ten' figure for advertising photography. Rather, if you look just about average, it would be great, because it is all about showing real people.

What really matters is how well you express different emotions. And this is very critical for this for the same reason again - to look very natural, very real, just like everyday people. If you intend to appear in the advertisement of beauty care products, then of course a little good looks and sharp features always goes a long way to fetch those high profile campaigns.

Now is the time to contact a modeling agency or a photographer working in the line of advertising photography. Arrange a meeting, where you can ask some questions and get good answers and insight into this profession and what you can expect in the future.